Industry has developed several semi-quantitative measures of the scaling tendency of water. System designers and engineers use these empirical indices to predict the scaling from water ..
Water treatment for cooling systems has three primary objectives: corrosion, deposition and microbiological control. System components with high temperatures on heat-transfer surfaces a..
Select the right caustic for strong base anion demineralizers
Water treatment for steam-generating systems has two primary objectives - control deposition and minimize corrosion (Table 1). Deposition and corrosion occur throughout the entire steam..
Inspecting waterside equipment is the best method to evaluate the effectiveness of your water treatment program. Deposits can form from contaminants in the water, treatment chemicals, p..
Waste-heat boilers (WHBs) are found in many applications including petrochemical and ammonia manufacturing. Heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) is a special type of WHB; it uses the ho..
Legionellosis is an infection caused by the bacterium Legionella pneumophila. This bacterium naturally occurs in surface water. The route of infection is the inhalation of aerosols. The..
Cooling water chemical treatment programs are designed to control deposition and corrosion. In most systems, there is a trade-off between corrosion and deposition control. When the chem..
Offline boiler cleanings used to be a very predictable event, especially in utilities. Deposits that form on the tube surfaces inhibit heat transfer and reduce boiler efficiency. Cleani..
In 1983, three deaerators ruptured from cracking. Due to concern over potential cracking in other deaerators, many firms conducted independent surveys. Inspections by one refiner, Exxon..