December 2022
Special Focus: Catalysts
Are your reactor yields lower than forecast? Does your fixed-bed catalytic reactor suffer from hotspots?
The COVID-19 pandemic can be viewed as one of the most challenging periods in the history of the oil and gas sector. Refineries worldwide faced difficult times operating at their turndown capacities or even temporarily shut down units at the refinery.
Bottoms product from fluidized catalytic cracking (FCC) is typically one of the least valuable products from a refinery.
Globally, crude oil is trending toward being heavier; the proportion of heavy crude oil reserve is expected to be 50% of the entire recoverable oil reserve moving forward from 2020.
Most refiners carefully evaluate their refining catalysts to ensure maximum benefits over the catalyst cycle length.
Process Optimization
This article examines the behavior of carbonyl sulfide (COS), C1–C5 mercaptans (R1SH–R5SH), methyl ethyl sulfide (MES), dimethyl sulfide (DMS) and dimethyl disulfide (DMDS) in amine solvent systems.
It is widely accepted that state-of-the-art sulfur recovery technologies utilize the modified Claus process as well as some extension technology on the tail gas.
Process Engineering
The tightening of environmental norms and emissions specifications provides additional challenges to refining.
Refinery-Petrochemical integration
Over the past two decades, annual global demands for refined products and basic petrochemicals have increased by approximately 1.3% and 3.5%, respectively.
Heat Transfer
According to a recent digital refining article,1 fired heaters are responsible for an estimated 400 MMtpy–500 MMtpy of CO<sub>2</sub>, with at least 73% of average refinery CO<sub>2</sub> emissions coming from combustion.
Plant Safety and Environment
There has been a significant increase in the use of biomass as alternative energy or green fuel in the last two decades.
Valves, Pumps and Turbomachinery
Many industries utilize pumps in hot applications, including oil and gas facilities.
Columns
Each year, <em>Hydrocarbon Processing</em> honors the top refining and petrochemical projects of the year.
<em>Hydrocarbon Processing</em> sat down with Frank Sanjay, Manager of the Product Cybersecurity Center of Excellence at Eaton, an intelligent power management company.
Trends and Resources
Over the past year, the Global Energy Infrastructure database has tracked more than $180 B in new project announcements.
When it comes to quality in construction projects, it is easy to focus only on materials and installation—it makes sense that high-quality components lead to a high-quality end product.
N’GENIUS Materials Technology has developed a new series of high-strength austenitic stainless steels that the company says will transform how materials are specified and utilized across the oil and gas sector.
Digital Feature
Part 2 of the article on API 685 has highlighted most of the “other changes of interest to the reader” and provides insights into the various other points of discussion the API 685 task force addressed, along with the rationale behind changes found in the July 2022 published 3rd Ed. of the standard.
- Digital Exclusive (sponsored): NXRe™: A novel recycling technology to support the plastics industry in creating efficient and effective circular value chains 12/22
- Portugal's Galp plans to start producing biofuels in 2026 12/20
- Prax and Shell call off deal on stake in PCK Schwedt oil refinery 12/20
- Nigeria's Dangote Refinery hits 85% refining capacity 12/20
- India's BPCL buys first Argentinian crude oil cargo for Feb. delivery 12/20
- Sinopec's Zhenhai oil refinery expands capacity to 40 MMtpy 12/20