Surface water from lakes and rivers requires removal of suspended solids to be suitable for cooling systems or to feed softeners, demineralizers or reverse osmosis units. The convention..
Idled boilers are very susceptible to corrosion. Protecting the integrity of idle equipment is critical to maximizing system reliability and minimizing unplanned repair or replacement c..
Cooling water provides a perfect environment for microbiological (MB) organisms - a hospitable temperature range, a constant pH and a plentiful food supply from the chemical treatment. ..
In utility systems, ion-exchange resins remove dissolved contaminants from filtered water to create boiler feedwater. The simplest ion exchange process is sodium zeolite softening that..
Due to drought conditions in the northeastern U.S., many manufacturing facilities are strongly motivated to consider water conservation and reuse options. Compliance studies are typica..
Manufacturing cost-reduction efforts increase during weak markets. Utility systems are typical candidates for cost savings. In general, these projects involve some amount of capital inv..
Chlorine is the most commonly used chemical for microbiological control in open cooling water systems. Typically, bromine is applied in small cooling towers and systems with alkaline wa..
Reverse osmosis (RO) technology has improved and become a common method to purify water for boiler makeup. A wealth of technical information is available that addresses how RO systems ..
Many plants with highly decentralized operating units often useseveral closed-loop cooling systems to serve process systems.Traditionally, the utilities department may also haveresponsibility for smal..
Recovering and recycling steam condensate does offer economic incentives. Proper management of recovered condensate quality is crucial when protecting major equipment such as boilers. ..