Heavy industries like refining, petrochemicals and mining face concerns about the availability of freshwater, as these are affected by local water scarcities and stringent water discharge regulations.
Heavy industries like refining, petrochemicals and mining face concerns about the availability of freshwater, as these are affected by local water scarcities and stringent water discharge regulations. The oil and gas industry needs relatively huge volumes of water, as the water/oil ratio averages 8:1.
The preferred conventional water treatment technology, reverse osmosis (RO), is still energy-intensive even after an upgrade of RO process technology. Industries are examining alternative water sources and treatment technologies, and implementing water recycling or reuse practices.
Forward osmosis (FO) technology, an emerging method, can be used to mitigate the aforementioned problems. FO use
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