Many refinery processes compete for hydrogen (H2) to
upgrade low-value residuals to higher-value distillates and
transportation fuels. Treating hydrocarbons (HC) and removing nonHC
elements (sulfur, nitrogen, etc.) requires H2. Also,
there is a continuous trend to reduce components containing low
H2 in transportation fuels. Hydrogen is rapidly becoming
a scarce resource. With the unpopularity of carbon dioxide
(CO2) emissions, it can even be said that HC value is
concentrated in H2 atoms and that carbon (C) atoms are
just carriers with zero or even negative value.
Balancing H2 consumption with availability is a major
issue in modern refineries. However, the H2 balance is
oft
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